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History
An illustration from the 12th century Hortus deliciarum from Alsace may be the earliest depiction of a pretzel, shown at a banquet with Queen Esther and King Ahasuerus
There are numerous accounts on the origin of the looped pretzels as well as the origin of the name. Most of them agree that they have religious and/or Christian backgrounds and were invented by monks. According to The History of Science and Technology, by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans, in 610 A.D. "...an Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, 'pretiola' ("little rewards")". However, no source is cited to back up these details. Another source locates the invention in a monastery in southern France. The looped pretzel may also have evolved from a Greek ring bread which was served in monasteries for the Last Supper 1,000 years ago. In Germany there are stories that pretzels were the invention of desperate bakers. Meyers Konversationslexikon from 1905 suspects the origin of pretzels in a ban of heathen baking traditions, such as in form of sun wheels, at the Synod of Estinnes in the year 743. The pretzel may have emerged as a substitute. The German name "Brezel" may derive also from Latin bracellus (a medieval term for "bracelet"), or bracchiola ("little arms").
Emblem of the Baker's Guild in Germany
The pretzel has been in use as emblem of bakers and formerly their guilds in southern German areas at least from the 12th. century to this very day. A 12th-century illustration in the Hortus deliciarum from the southwest German Alsace (today France) may contain the earliest depiction of a pretzel.
Within the Catholic church, pretzels were regarded as having religious significance for both ingredients and shape. Pretzels made with a simple recipe using only flour and water could be eaten during Lent, when Christians were forbidden to eat eggs, lard, or dairy products like milk and butter. As time passed, pretzels became associated with both Lent and Easter. Pretzels were hidden on Easter morning just like eggs are hidden today and are particularly associated with Lent, fasting, and prayers before Easter. The classic pretzel's three-hole shape begins to take form. The three holes represent the Christian Trinity of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit," and pretzels are thought to bring luck, prosperity, and spiritual wholeness.[citation needed] The wedding phrase "tying the knot" got its start when a pretzel was used to tie the knot between two prominent families.[citation needed] The pretzel's loops stood for everlasting love.[citation needed] Pretzels in German-speaking countries
Variety of Southern German lye breads (Laugengebck)
Pretzel baking has taken most firmly root in Southern Germany and adjoining German speaking areas and pretzels have been an integral part of German baking traditions for centuries. Varieties
The custom of using lye in baking is thought to have evolved by accident in the 19th century. A baker dropped a tray of pretzels ready for baking into a trough of lye, which was used for cleaning and disinfecting baking utensils. After baking the pretzels nevertheless, the appealing colour and renown flavour was discovered. Lye pretzels are popular in southern Germany, Alsace, Austria and German-speaking Switzerland as a variety of bread, a side dish or a snack and come in many local varieties. Almost every region and even city has its own way of baking them. Examples for pretzel names in various German dialects are rezn, retzel, rezzl, rezgen, retzga, retzet, "bretschl", ringel, "silserli" and "slzerli". Baked for consumption on the same day, they are sold in every bakery and in special booths or stands in downtown streets. Often, they are sliced horizontally, buttered, and sold as Butterbrezel or come with slices of cold meats or cheese. Sesame, poppy, sunflower, pumpkin or caraway seeds, melted cheese and bacon bits are other popular toppings. Some bakeries offer pretzels made of different flours such as whole wheat, rye or spelt. In Bavaria, lye pretzels accompany a main dish such as Weisswurst sausage. The same dough and baking procedure with lye and salt is used to make other kinds of "lye pastry" (Laugengebck): lye rolls, buns, croissants and even loaves (Laugenbrtchen, Laugenstangen, Laugencroissants, Laugenbrot). Yet, in some parts of Bavaria, especially in lower Bavaria, unglazed hite pretzels, sprinkled with salt and caraway seeds are still popular. Basically with the same ingredients, lye pretzels come in numerous local varieties. Sizes are usually similar; the main differences are the thickness of the dough, the content of fat and the degree of baking. Typical Swabian pretzels for example have very thin rms and a at belly with a split and a higher fat content. The thicker part makes it easier to slice them for the use of sandwiches. In Bavarian pretzels the arms are left thicker so they do not bake to a crisp and contain very little fat.
The pretzel shape is used for a variety of sweet pastries made of different kinds of dough (flaky, brittle, soft, crispy) with a variety of toppings (icing, nuts, seeds, cinnamon). Around Christmas they can be made as soft gingerbreads (ebkuchen) with chocolate coating. Festivals and customs around the pretzel
New Year's pretzel in a Stuttgart bakery (Swabia)
In southern Germany and adjoining German-speaking areas Pretzels have retained their original religious meanings and are still used in various traditions and festivals.
In some areas, on January 1, people give each other lightly sweetened yeast pretzels for good luck. These New-Years-Pretzels Are Made in different sizes and can have a width of 50 centimetres (20 in) and more. Sometimes children visit their godparents to fetch their New Years pretzel. On May 1, love-struck boys used to paint a pretzel on the door of the adored. On the other hand, an upside-down pretzel would have been a sign of disgrace. Especially Catholic areas, such as Austria, Bavaria or some parts of Swabia, know the Palm Pretzel made for Palm Sunday celebrations. Sizes can range from 30 cm up to 1 metre and they can weigh up to 2.5 kg (6 lbs.). An old tradition on Palm Sunday dating back to 1533 is the outdoor pretzel market (Brezgenmarkt) in the Hungerbrunnen Valley near Heldenfingen.
In the Rhineland region sweet Pretzels are made with pudding-filled loops (Pudding Pretzels).
On Laetare Sunday in Luxembourg, the fourth Sunday in Lent, there is a festival called Pretzel Sunday. Boys give their girlfriends pretzels or cakes in pretzel form. The size symbolizes how much he likes her. In return, if a girl wants to increase his attention, she will give him a decorated egg on Easter. The pretzel custom is reversed on Pretzel Sunday during leap years. This custom also still exists in some areas of the Swabian Alb.
On the same occasion in Rhenish Hesse and the Palatinate, people have parades carrying big pretzels mounted on colourful decorated poles.
Popular during lent in Biberach are Lent Pretzels which are shortly boiled in water before baking and afterwards sprinkled with salt.
Prezel from Burg, typically carried around the neck
Schloss Burg is renown for a 200-year old speciality, the Burger Pretzel. Its texture and flavour resembles rusk or zwieback. A local story says that the recipe came from a grateful Napoleonic soldier in 1795 whose wounds were treated by a baker family in the little town of Burg. The cultural importance of the pretzel for Burg is expressed by a monument in honour of the pretzel bakers and by an 18-km hiking trail nearby called retzel Hiking Trail.
A variety typical for Upper Franconia is the nise Pretzel. The town of Weidenberg celebrates the Pretzel weeks during the carnival season when anise pretzels are served with special dishes such as cooked meat with horse radish or roast. In the city of Lbeck, the 500-year old guild of boatmen on the Stecknitz canal call their annual meetings in Jauary Kringelhge (Pretzelfun). The elaborate affair with about 200 participants is celebrated as a breakfast with beer and includes mass in the Lbeck Cathedral and a presentation of songs by a children choir. In older times the children were very poor, coming from an orphanage and each received a kringel (pretzel) as a reward. Hence, the name retzelfun, because this gift was considered highlight. Today the children come from schools but they still get the pretzels.
Fountain in Speyer with pretzel boy statue
The city of Osnabrck celebrates the anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and organizes an annual hobby horse race for grade-four children. Finishing the race they are presented with a sweet pretzel.
The lye pretzel is the theme for a number of festivals in Germany. The city of Speyer prides itself to be the retzel town and around the second weekend of July, from Friday to Tuesday, it holds an annual funfair and festival called "Brezelfest", which is the largest beer festival in the Upper Rhine region and attracts around 300,000 visitors. The festival includes a parade with over 100 bands, floats and clubs participating from the whole region and 22,000 pretzels are thrown among the crowds. On the market square of Speyer, there is a fountain with a statue of a boy selling pretzels. The pretzel booths on the main street are permanently installed and were specially designed when the whole downtown area was re-done for the 2000th anniversary. One-day pretzel fests and markets in other German towns are in Kirchhellen, a borough of Bottrop, or in Kornwestheim.
In 2003 and 2004 eace Pretzels were baked for a UNICEF charity event and other charity purposes in Munich. Instead of the typical pretzel loop they were made in the similar shape of a peace symbol. The pretzel as figure of speech
Kepler's 'Panis Quadragesimalis diagram.
In 1609, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler stated that "[if] one puts all of this information together in one bundle, and at the same time believes that the sun truly moves across the Zodiac over the space of a year, as Ptolemy and Tycho Brahe believed, then it is necessary to concede that the circuits of the three above planets through ethereal space are, as it were, a complex of several movements, that they are actually twisted; not like piled-up cord, with coils in a sequential order, but rather in the image of a lenten bread, as the following diagram shows..." (panis quadragesimalis or lenten bread is a pretzel).
"Pretzel" Beetle, Model 1950
In German the term rezel is also used synonymously for anything made with lye: a lye stick, which would be a Laugenstange, can be called a Brezelstange, a lye roll would be a Brezelbrtchen etc. Its quite common in German to say: today the sun is really pretzling down ("hot enough to bake pretzels"). Bavarians have a number of expressions related to the pretzel. A Brezensoizer (pretzel salter), perhaps originally a baker term, is a person doing lowly work. Saying I not your pretzel salter! would mean, I not your servant. Occasionally it is meant to be an insult.
Another saying is he got pretzeled (gebrezelt), meaning he crashed, for example skiing down the mountain or falling off a bike. One can also say I pretzeled him one, meaning, I gave him a punch in the nose or face, or he pretzeled down the road at 100 km/h, meaning, he really stepped on it. On the other hand, a pretzeled appearance means very stylishly dressed or combed. An electrician might say: the wire pretzeled me one, meaning I got sizzled.
In the early 1950s the Volkswagen Beetle was nicknamed Pretzel Beetle because of its rear window. Because of its shape, the pretzel gave its name to an inflatable United Nations research platform, olVin-Pretzel, which is placed in the canopy of rainforests. Pretzels in the United States of America
USA Philadelphia PA Style Soft Pretzel
In the 18th century, southern German and Swiss German immigrants introduced the pretzel to North America. The immigrants became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch and in time, many handmade pretzel bakeries populated the countryside and the pretzel's popularity spread.
Soft pretzels during the 1900's became extremely popular in other regions of the United States. Cities like Philadelphia, Chicago, and New York are renown for their soft pretzels. The key to success was the introduction of the new mass production methods of the industrialized age of manafacturing techniques to increase the availability of both quantity and multiple points of distribution. It became a staple Philadelphia food for snacking at school, work, or home and considered by most to be a quick meal. Street vendors used to sell pretzels on street corners in wooden glass enclosed cases. The average Philadelphian today consumes about twelve times more pretzels than the national average. Immigrant Italian populations in Philadelphia played a significant role in preztels being established as a local cuisine of Philadelphia. Other Italian centric populations in the USA have futhered the popularity of pretzel making and consuming.
Pennsylvania today is the center of American pretzel production. Southeastern Pennsylvania, with its large population of German background, is considered the birthplace of the American pretzel industry and many pretzel bakers are still located in the area. Pennsylvania produces 80% of the nation's pretzels,
The annual United States pretzel industry is worth over $550 million. The average American consumes about 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg) of pretzels per year.
The privately run retzel Museum opened in Philadelphia in 1993. In 2003 Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell declared April 26 ational Pretzel Day to acknowledge the importance of the pretzel to the state's history and economy. Pretzel Bakers of United States of America (Historical Timeline)
1861: Sturgis' Bakery in Lititz, Pennsylvania becomes the first commercial pretzel bakery in the United States.
1889: The Anderson Pretzel Factory in Lancaster, Pennsylvania is founded. Today it calls itself the world's largest, producing 65 tons of pretzels daily. 1935: The Reading Pretzel Machinery Company introduced the first automatic pretzel twisting machine.
1963: The largest pretzel of its time, weighing 40 pounds and measuring 5 feet across, is baked by Joseph Nacchio of the Federal Baking Company.
1978: The first machine-produced soft pretzel was created at Federal Baking Company.
1993: The Pretzel Museum opens in Philadelphia, operated by the Nacchio family.
2003: Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell declares April 26 National Pretzel Day to acknowledge the importance of the pretzel to the state's history and economy. Places, Physical or Meta-Art Forms, Groups or Organizations in the United States named for Pretzels
An Expression in Politics: Americans use the phrase "Pretzel Logic" in reference to political thinking in government actions that are looped without an outcome.
In Dance: The pretzel dance move developed in Swing dancing which dates back to the 1920's, where the African American community, discovered the Charleston and the Lindy Hop, while dancing to contemporary Jazz music. Also adopted by Salsa dancing.
In Design: The Pretzel Chair Furniture designed in 1952 by George Nelson who numbers among the most important and influential figures in American design during the second half of the twentieth century. During the 1950's he developed an expressive range of seating pieces, several of which have long since achieved classic status.
In Design: Roller coaster elements. While going through a pretzel loop, the rider is upside down at the beginning and on their back and going backwards at the bottom. The rider then regains normal flying position at the exit of the loop.
A Place: The Philadelphia Recreation Department memorialized the Philadelphia style pretzel cuisine of local bakers. A facility formerly identified as Manayunk Park located on the 4300 block of Silverwood Street was renamed by the City in 2004 as "Pretzel Park." The park design has pretzel like looped pathways and includes a public statue symbolizing a pretzel.
In Music: Pretzel Logic is the name of a single released by the pop music group Steely Dan from their album Pretzel Logic, originally released in 1974. Pretzel Nugget is a 1994 EP by the Beastie Boys, released on the Grand Royal records label.
An Expression in Pop Culture: In the 1990's American TV situation comedy Seinfeld, supporting actor Cosmo Kramer landed a speaking part in a Woody Allen film and he practiced his line with his co-stars Jerry, Elaine, and George. The line was "these pretzels are making me thirsty." Eventually the phrase is used as a general expression of frustration by cast members.
Viipurinrinkeli, a pretzel from Vyborg (Finnish: Viipuri), Russia Pretzels in other countries
Although not as popular as among German speakers and Americans, the looped pretzel is known in other European countries and in other countries around the world. In the Czech Republic the pretzel is known as reclk, in Finland as iipurinrinkeli. The Spanish, French and Italians call it retzel, retzel or rezel, the Dutch favor sweet variants called "krakeling", Norwegian and Danish call it a "kringle", in Polish it's recel, in Hungarian "perecz".
Pretzel sticks and varieties Party pretzels
Crispy pretzels originate in the United States where, in 1850, the Sturgis bakery in Lititz, Pennsylvania, became the first commercial hard pretzel bakery. Party pretzels can be shaped as sticks (around 3 millimetres (0.12 in) thick and 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long), loops, braids, letters or little pretzels have become a popular snack in many countries around the world. A thicker variety of sticks can be 1 centimetre (0.39 in) thick; in the U. S. these are called Bavarian pretzels. Unlike the soft pretzels, these ones are durable when kept in an airtight environment. In Europe, party pretzels are usually sprinkled with salt but also with sesame seed, poppy seed or cheese. In the U. S. they come in many varieties of flavors and different coatings such as yoghurt, chocolate, strawberry, mustard, cheese and others and chocolate-covered hard pretzels are popular around Christmas time. In the Philadelphia area, crumbled hard pretzels are a common accompaniment to Ice Cream as a cone or topping. Gallery
Typical Speyer pretzel on top of one covered with cheese
Pretzels for sale in Alsace
Bavarian pretzel with weisswurst
Bakery sign in Ravensburg with a typical Swabian lye pretzel
Street vendor in Bonn
Pretzel stand in Speyer See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pretzels
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Cookbook:Pretzel
Philadelphia portal
Kringle References
^ a b http://www.bad-bad.de/restaur/kuechenkunde/brezel.htm (in German)
^ a b Hartel, AnnaKate (2008). Food Bites. Springer. p. 111. ISBN 0387758445. http://books.google.com/books?id=PMOrW3zkirwC&pg=PA111&dq=history+of+pretzels&lr=&ei=AUExSpzcG4aCywTz2PiKDg. 
^ a b Grunes, Barbara (2007). The Best Bake Sale Ever Cookbook. Chronicle Books. pp. 80. ISBN 0811850757. http://books.google.com/books?id=juPycXQouOgC&pg=PA80&dq=history+of+pretzels&lr=&ei=AUExSpzcG4aCywTz2PiKDg. 
^ a b Silverman, Sharon Hernes (2001). Pennsylvania Snacks. Stackpole Books. pp. 30. http://books.google.com/books?id=q0KyXgBhuZMC&pg=PA30&dq=history+of+pretzels&lr=&ei=AUExSpzcG4aCywTz2PiKDg. 
^ a b http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel1
^ Brezel in Meyers Konversationslexikon von 1905 bei Zeno.org (in German)
^ E.g. OED s.v.: "[G. pretzel, bretzel, in OHG. brizzila = It. bracciello Florio) a cracknel; usually taken as ad. med. L. bracellus a bracelet; also a kind of cake or biscuit (Du Cange).]"
^ Catholicculture.org
^ http://www.mstarz.de/brezel.htm
^ http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel16
^ http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel1
^ http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel16
^ http://www.meistermarken-ulmerspatz.de/downloads/bbz/Herstellung_Laugengebaeck.pdf
^ http://www.brezel-weber.de/html/palmbrezel.html
^ http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte
^ Heinrichs, Ann. Luxembourg. New York: Scholastic, Inc, 2005, p. 105. ISBN 9780516236810
^ Spicer, Dorothy Gladys. Festivals of Western Europe. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1958, pp. 106-7. ISBN 9781437520156
^ a b http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel13
^ http://www.klingenpfad.de/Brezel.htm
^ http://www.gps-tour.info/de/touren/detail.31536.html
^ http://www.rondeshagen.com/Kringelhoege2008.html
^ http://www.osnabrueck.de/13076.asp
^ http://verkehrsverein-speyer.de/content/view/31/43/
^ ^ ^ http://www.brezelfest.de/
^ http://www.kornwestheimer-kultursommer.de/fotoarchiv/070922brezelfest/web/
^ http://www.muenchen.de/unicef
^ http://www.seggl.de/0305.htm
^ Astronomia Nova, p. 3 CMU.edu:
HC omnia si quis fasciculo uno componat, simulque credat, solem revera moveri annuo spacio per zodiacum, quod credidere Ptolemus & Tycho Braheus; tunc necesse est concedere, trium superiorum Planetarum circuitus per spacium therium, sicuti sunt compositi ex pluribus motibus, esse revera spirales; non ut prius, fili glomerati modo, spiris juxta invicem ordinatis; sed verius in figura panis quadragesimalis, in hunc fere modum.:"..."
^ a b The History of the Pretzel
^ a b c The Pretzel Museum
^ New York Times, Lead, November 13, 1988
^ Historical Photo Archives of Philadelphia Pretzel Vendors
^ Pretzel Museum
^ National Pretzel Day, April 26
^ Reuters top ten news
^ Lancaster, Pa. Newswire
^ National Pretzel Day, April 26th
^ Snyder's History of Pretzels
^ The Anderson Pretzel Bakery
^ The History of the Pretzel
^ New York Times, Lead, November 13, 1988
^ The Pretzel Museum
^ National Pretzel Day, April 26th
^ City Council of Philadelphia Ordinance March 18, 2004
^ Philly Public Art - Pretzel Statue
^ Manayunk Council Local Park History
^ http://www.brezel-baecker.de/brezelgeschichte#kapitel16
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South Battery Street, Charleston Historic District, South Carolina, USA $29.99 Panoramic Images South Battery Street, Charleston Historic District, South Carolina, USA - Photographic Print

Rainbow Row, Charleston Historic District, South Carolina, USA $29.99 Panoramic Images Rainbow Row, Charleston Historic District, South Carolina, USA - Photographic Print

Joseph Manigault House Museum, National Historic Landmark, Charleston, South Carolina $24.99 Richard Cummins Joseph Manigault House Museum, National Historic Landmark, Charleston, South Carolina - Photographic Print

South Carolina Society Dating from 1804 in the Historic Centre, Charleston, South Carolina, USA $19.99 Duncan Maxwell South Carolina Society Dating from 1804 in the Historic Centre, Charleston, South Carolina, USA - Photographic Print

Early 19th Century Town Houses, Historic Centre, Charleston, South Carolina, USA $19.99 Duncan Maxwell Early 19th Century Town Houses, Historic Centre, Charleston, South Carolina, USA - Photographic Print

Historic Calhoun Mansion, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America, North America $24.99 Richard Cummins Historic Calhoun Mansion, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America, North America - Photographic Print

Charleston (Phs) $13.95 Take a trip back in time and see how downtown Charleston,West Virginia, looked nearly 100 years ago. This new book is the most complete collection of historic Charleston postcards ever published. The images illustrate how Charleston grew from a small town to become the state capital and a thriving commercial center, and each postcard offers a nostalgic look back at the 20th century. Charlestonians will fondly recall many of the buildings that no longer exist, such as the old public library, Ruffner Hotel, and Charleston National Bank. Likewise, postcards of Capitol Street will evoke memories of once-bustling shops, like Diamond Department Store, McCrory`s Five and Dime, and S. Spencer Moore. These postcards freeze momentsin time, taking readers on a stroll through downtown Charleston in the early 1900s. Take a trip back in time and see how downtown Charleston,West Virginia, looked nearly 100 years ago. This new book is the most complete collection of historic Charleston postcards ever published. The images illustrate how Charleston grew from a small town to become the state capital and a thriving commercial center, and each postcard offers a nostalgic look back at the 20th century. Charlestonians will fondly recall many of the buildings that no longer exist, such as the old public library, Ruffner Hotel, and Charleston National Bank. Likewise, postcards of Capitol Street will evoke memories of once-bustling shops, like Diamond Department Store, McCrory`s Five and Dime, and S. Spencer Moore. These postcards freeze momentsin time, taking readers on a stroll through downtown Charleston in the early 1900s.

Holiday Inn CHARLESTON (HISTORIC DISTRICT) $89.25 Namen & regBest Hidden Gem ® in der Welt von Tripadvisor und dem Empfänger der 2005 Intercontinental Hotels Kemmons Wilson Geist der Gastfreundschaft Award

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